The final product

The editorial team is happy to announce that the final version of the academic journal is published! The academic journal offers PPLE students the opportunity to share their research, ideas and opinions with the rest of the PPLE community. This year’s theme are the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Sustainable Development Goals are the UN’s primary objectives to improve living standards and achieve a more sustainable future. Start reading the edition down here!

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Transmisogyny vs Trans Possibility: The Battle for the Ontological 'Woman'

 By Kfir Zioni

 

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Food Governance Shaped by Corporate Strategy of Multistakeholder Model and Hybridisation

By Chiara Zuber

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The post-Brexit future of the European project in the hands of the Euro

By Mark Sivolap

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Tracing Queer Pathways: The Protection of Refugees Fleeing on the Basis of their Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity under International Law

By Linn Pfitzner

 

Books & articles

Dauvergne C and Millbank J, ‘Before the High Court: Applicants S396/2002 and S395/2002, a Gay Refugee Couple from Bangladesh’ (2003) 25 Sydney Law Review 97

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, ‘Current Migration Situation in the EU: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Asylum Seekers’ (2017)

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, ‘EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Article 7 – Respect for private and family life’ (2022) <https://fra.europa.eu/en/eu-charter/article/7-respect-private-and-family-life> accessed 24 May 2022

Giametta C, ‘New Asylum Protection Categories and Elusive Filtering Devices: The Case of “Queer asylum” in France and the UK’ (2020) 46 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 142

Gray A and McDowall A, ‘LGBT Refugee Protection in the UK: From Discretion to Belief?’ (2013) 42 Forced migration review: Sexual orientation and gender identity and the protection of forced migrants 22

Hertoghs M and Schinkel W, ‘The state’s sexual desires: The performance of sexuality in the Dutch asylum procedure’ (2018) 47 Theory and Society 691

Holle F, Rast MC and Ghorashi H, ‘Exilic (art) narratives of queer refugees challenging dominant hegemonies’ (2021) 6 Frontiers in sociology 641630

ILGA world, ‘Treaty Bodies’ Jurisprudence on SOGIESC Issues’ (11 February 2021) <https://ilga.org/Treaty-Bodies-jurisprudence-SOGIESC> accessed 31 May 2021

International Commission of Jurists, ‘Refugee Status Claims Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: A Practitioners’ Guide’ 11 (2016)

Kahn S and Alessi EJ, ‘Coming Out Under the Gun: Exploring the Psychological Dimensions of Seeking Refugee Status for LGBT Claimants in Canada’ (2017) 31 Journal of Refugee Studies 22

LaViolette N, ‘”UNHCR Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity”: a Critical Commentary’ (2010) 22 International Journal of Refugee Law 173

Lopes Heimer R, ‘Homonationalist/Orientalist Negotiations: The UK Approach to Queer Asylum Claims’ (2020) 24 Sexuality and Culture 174

Millbank J, ‘A Preoccupation with Perversion: the British Response to Refugee Claims on the Basis of Sexual Orientation, 1989 – 2003’ (2005) 14 Social & Legal Studies 115

— —, ‘From Discretion to Disbelief: Recent Trends in Refugee Determinations on the Basis of Sexual Orientation in Australia and the United Kingdom’ (2009) 13 The International Journal of Human Rights 391

Raj S, ‘A/Effective Adjudications: Queer Refugees and the Law’ (2017) 38 Journal of Intercultural Studies 453

Spijkerboer T, ‘Gender, Sexuality, Asylum and European Human Rights’ (2018) 29 Law Critique 221

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Tschalaer M, ‘Between Queer Liberalisms and Muslim Masculinities: LGBTQI+ Muslim Asylum Assessment in Germany’ (2020) 43 Ethnic and Racial Studies 1265

Tsourdi EL, ‘Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Developments in EU law’ (2013) 42 Forced migration review: Sexual orientation and gender identity and the protection of forced migrants 20

Cases

International

A.E. v Sweden (13 March 2020) Communication No. 3300/2019 CCPR/C/128/D/3300/2019

B and C v Switzerland (2021) 72 EHRR 16

Case C-473/16 F v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal [2018] OJ C104/8

E.A. v Sweden (11 August 2017) Communication No. 690/2015 CAT/C/61/D/690/2015

E.J.V.M. v Sweden (28 November 2003) Communication No. 213/2002 CAT/C/31/D/213/2002

Joined Cases C-148/13 to C-150/13 A, B, C v Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie, intervener United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) [2015] OJ C46/4

Joined Cases C-199/12 to C-201/12 X, Y, Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel [2014] OJ C9/8

M.I. v Sweden (25 July 2013) Communication No. 2149/2012 CCPR/C/108/D/2149/2012

M.K.H. v Denmark (17 November 2016) Communication No. 2462/2014 CCPR/C/117/D/2462/2014

M.Z.B.M. v Denmark (20 March 2017) Communication No. 2593/2015 CCPR/C/119/D/2593/2015

Uttam Mondal v Sweden (07 July 2011) Communication No. 338/2008 CAT/C/46/D/338/2008

X. v Sweden (17 January 2012) Communication No. 1833/2008 CCPR/C/103/D/1833/2008

National

Appellants S395/2002 and S396/2002 v. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs

(2003) 216 CLR 473 (S395 and S396)

Case RdU-178/1/S/12 SW v Head of the Office for Foreigners, Refugee Board (25 July 2012)

Case 640/2012 S. v Italian Government, Corte di Appello di Bari [Appeal Court] (5 March 2013)

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LZ v The Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKUT 00487 [IAC]

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Treaties

Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2016] OJ C 202/1

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10 December 1984, entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 UNTS 85 (UNCAT)

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR)

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (OP)

Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 31 January 1967, entered into force 4 October 1967) 606 UNTS 267 (Protocol)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331 (VCLT)

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CAT General Comment No. 1 ‘Implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the Context of Article 22 (Refoulement and Communications)’ in ‘Document A/53/44, annex IX’ (1997)

CAT General Comment No. 4 ‘on the Implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the Context of Article 22’ (2017) UN Doc CAT/C/GC/4

HRC General Comment No. 31 ‘The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant’ (2004) UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13

HRC General Comment No. 33 ‘The Obligations of States Parties under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ (2008) UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/33

UNGA, ‘Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity’ (12 July 2018) 73rd Session (A/73/152)

UNHCR ‘Guidelines on International Protection No. 2: “Membership of a particular social group” within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees’ (2002)

UNHCR ‘Guidelines on International Protection No. 9: Claims to Refugee Status based on Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees’ (2012)

UNHCR ‘Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection’ (Geneva 2019)

UNHCR ‘Protecting persons with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities: A global report on UNHCR’s efforts to protection lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex asylum seekers and refugees’ (Geneva 2015)

EU legislation

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/391

Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted [2004] OJ L304/12

Directive 2011/95/EU of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted [2011] OJ L337/9

 


 

One Click Elections

By Mattéo Bard

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Council of Europe (2017). E-voting. Retrieved from: https://www.coe.int/en/web/electoral-assistance/e-voting

Domeyer, A., McCathy, M., Pfeiffer, S., & Scherf, G. (2020). How governments can deliver on the promise of digital ID. Mckinsey and company. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/how-governments- can-deliver-on-the-promise-of-digital-id#:~:text=Digital%20IDs%20are%20thus%20the,she%20claims%20to%20be%20online

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Jakobson, L. (2019). Swiss e-voting system hack shows value of blockchain-based election technology. Modern Consensus. Retrieved from: https://modernconsensus.com/regulation/europe/zug-switzerland-e-voting-flaw/

Kasthala, V. (2019). Blockchain key characteristics and the conditions to use it as a solution. Start it up. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/swlh/blockchain-characteristics-and-its-suitability-as- a-technical-solution-bd65fc2c1ad1

Kim, J., & Hong, S. (2011). A Method of Risk Assessment for Multi-Factor Authentication. Journal of Information Processing Systems, Vol.7(1). Retrieved from: DOI : 10.3745/JIPS.2011.7.1.187

Krimmer, R., Dueñas-Cid, D., Krivonosova, I., Vinkel, P., & Koitmae, A. (2018). How much does an e-Vote cost? Cost comparison per vote in multichannel elections in Estonia. In International Joint Conference on electronic voting, pp.117-131). Retrieved from: DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-00419-4_8

Khan, K., M., Arshad, J., & Khan, M., M. (2018). Secure Digital Voting System based on Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, Vol.14(1), 53-62. Retrieved from: 10.4018/IJEGR.2018010103

Liebkind, J. (2020). How Blockchain Technology Can Prevent Voter Fraud. Investopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/news/how-blockchain-technology-can-prevent-voter-fraud/

Luxoft (2018). Report on Switzerland’s First Blockchain-Based Vote Reveals Citizens Want More e-voting. Retrieved from: https://www.luxoft.com/pr/report-on-switzerlands-first-blockchainbased- vote-reveals-citizens-want-more-evoting/

Mearian, L. (2019). Why blockchain-based voting could threaten democracy. Computerworld. Retrieved from: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3430697/why-blockchain-could-be-a- threat-to-democracy.html

Miller, B. (2017). Can Blockchain Bring Voting Online? Government Technology. Retrieved from; https://www.govtech.com/data/gt-octobernovember-securing-the-vote.html

Netservice (2014). Crypto-Voting, Le systeme de vote electronique base sur la technologie Blockchain. Retrieved from: https://www.netservice.eu/fr/recherche-et-d% C3%A9veloppement/crypto-voting

Niranjanamurthy, M., Nithyal, N., B., & Jagannatha, S. (2018). Analysis of Blockchain technology: pros, cons and SWOT. Cluster Computing, 14743-14757. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2387-5(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV

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Skidmore, C., Mundell, D., & Hopkins, K. (2016). The Costs of the 2014 European Parliamentary Elections. HM Government. Retrieved from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data /file/573723/costs_of_the_2014_european_parliamentary_elections.pdf

Swissinfo.ch (2018). Switzerland’s first municipal blockchain vote hailed a success. Retrieved from: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/crypto-valley-_-switzerland-s-first-municipal-blockchain-vote-hailed- a-success/44230928

 


 

A Wake-Up Call: Why ‘the Past is not in the Past’. How the Treatment of Genocidal Rape Children Perpetuates Post-War Interethnic  Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina

By Katharina Karnbach

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The Cost of Having a Uterus

By Annika Radina, Toyah Höher, Emma Hoch, Erandi de Silva, and Jacomijn van Rossem

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Far-Right Electoral Support in Thuringia and Saxony: Protest Voting as a Form of  Collective Action

By Anna Stecher

 

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Equality of Medicine: Regulating Big Pharma

The Need for a Legally Binding Framework for Pharmaceutical Companies to Protect the Right to Health

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The system and the ego: Where do we draw the line?

By Bryson Altvater

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Indigenous women’s rights and the decolonisation movement in Canada

By Aleksandra Lankamer

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